reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf

The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. << In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . /F2 9 0 R >> The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. It also decided that the Public . For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? /Subtype /Image First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. stream 2. /Font << ff>qsfN? Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. 74 . Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. 3. % This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. stream It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Payment Details. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. /Type /XObject Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. /F4 15 0 R There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. %PDF-1.5 To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. %PDF-1.5 These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . /Length 14727 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. Hon. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. 1. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . >> Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. << Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. 6 0 obj @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. The Plural nature of Nigeria. Asst. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. The states were later increased to 30 states. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. 7. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. We appreciate you. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Email Address. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. Rt. Nigeria. This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. >> The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria Charas Madu Tella, Ahmed Wali Doho, Aliyu Bapeto Abstract Federalism is a political philosophy in which members of a group are. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Resource control: 3.7 7. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. /Contents 4 0 R In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. % 2023, Bscholarly LLC. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. Historical experience 3.2 2. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states.

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